Thinking particles 3ds max free10/29/2023 In contrast, the creation of engines that generate active rhythmic or rotating motion at the nanoscale, driven by chemical fuel, remains challenging 19, 20. Impressive examples of synthetic pumping, rotating or moving fuel-driven nanodevices exist 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and even an electric-field-driven Brownian motion ratchet rotor capable of torque transmission was recently realized 17. Both in the nano- and the macroscopic worlds these processes require fuel-powered engines that perform periodically repeating motion. Active mechanical motion of nanoscale objects is paramount for the bottom-up construction of bio- or technomimetic nanomechanical machines 1, 2, 3, 4 that can perform tasks such as pumping 5, walking 6, transduction or sensing of molecules or signals 7, 8, transport 9, 10 or any process involving motion 11, 12.
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